t1lib 5.1.2 and earlier, as used in Xpdf before 3.02pl6, teTeX, and other products, uses an invalid pointer in conjunction with a dereference operation, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted Type 1 font in a PDF document, as demonstrated by testz.2184122398.pdf.
The product receives input or data, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the properties that are required to process the data safely and correctly.